New Shuttle

The line owes its existence to the construction of the Tōhoku and Jōetsu Shinkansen. The branch point of the two high-speed lines was set in the town of Ina, and residents there opposed the project, arguing that the new viaduct would divide the town and bring noise pollution. To compensate the affected communities of the former Ōmiya, Ageo and Ina, a new urban railway was promised. Where the residents of Toda and the former Urawa and Yono — who had likewise opposed the Shinkansen — were given the conventional heavy-rail Saikyō Line, the corridor north of Ōmiya was judged to lack the demand to justify an ordinary railway, so the medium-capacity AGT system then being built in many parts of Japan was adopted instead.

Almost the entire line is elevated and laid alongside the Tōhoku and Jōetsu Shinkansen viaduct, sharing the same piers along most of its length; the double-track section flanks both sides of the Shinkansen viaduct, while the single-track section runs along its western side. The line was built by the Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation. At the Ōmiya terminus trains reverse around a loop, whereas at Uchijuku and at Maruyama, where the depot is located, they reverse conventionally, so a train's orientation alternates with each round trip — a distinctive feature of the operation.

A licence to operate a local railway was applied for on 4 December 1980 and granted on 3 April 1981, and civil-engineering work on the Ōmiya–Hanuki section began that October. The route's nickname was chosen by public competition: from 613 entries the operator settled, on 22 July 1983, on "New Shuttle," combining "new" with "shuttle" — a word evoked by the Space Shuttle and applied to a new short-distance round-trip electric railway. The first section, from Ōmiya to Hanuki, opened on 22 December 1983, with rubber-tyred trains of the 1000 series (later 1010 series); about half of all trains ran only as far as Maruyama, and beyond Maruyama service was every forty minutes during the day.

The planned extension from Hanuki to Uchijuku stalled because land negotiations with two property owners along the route broke down, so the 1983 opening reached only as far as Hanuki. One owner settled in March 1988, but talks with the last holdout became badly tangled after activists of a far-left faction, claiming to support the owner, intervened. On 17 February 1990 Saitama Prefecture carried out an administrative execution under the Land Expropriation Act; the owner and the activists barricaded themselves in a hut and protested, and were eventually arrested, after which the air rights over the owner's property were expropriated to carry the elevated track over it.

The remaining Hanuki–Uchijuku section finally opened on 2 August 1990, completing the line, and the new 1050 series six-car trains brought the fleet to ten sets, later increased to thirteen. By 1 October 1992 every train on the line had been lengthened to six cars. The line has since been steadily modernised in step with the growth of the communities it serves, where large apartment blocks, shopping centres and new-town development have driven a continuous rise in lineside population since opening.

In the 2000s the line's role broadened with the area's development. On 18 March 2007 the Suica IC card was introduced, and on 14 October 2007 Ōsei Station was renamed Tetsudō-Hakubutsukan ("Railway Museum") Station when the Railway Museum opened beside it, making the New Shuttle the principal access route to the museum; station colours were also assigned at the same time. Station numbering using the prefix "NS" was introduced on 23 March 2018. The 2020 series trains, built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, entered service from 4 November 2015, and the long-serving 1050 series made its final run on 15 February 2026.

• 19804 December: an application is filed with the Ministry of Transport for a local railway business licence.
• 19813 April: the local railway business licence is granted; civil-engineering work on the Ōmiya–Hanuki section begins on 15 October.
• 198322 July: the nickname 'New Shuttle' is chosen by public competition (613 entries), combining 'new' with 'shuttle' after the Space Shuttle.
• 198322 December: the first section, Ōmiya–Hanuki, opens with rubber-tyred 1000 series (later 1010 series) trains; about half of services run only to Maruyama.
• 199017 February: Saitama Prefecture carries out an administrative execution under the Land Expropriation Act over the last unsettled property to allow the extension; the air rights above it are expropriated.
• 19902 August: the remaining Hanuki–Uchijuku section opens, completing the line; new 1050 series six-car sets bring the fleet to ten sets (later thirteen).
• 19921 October: every train set on the line is lengthened to six cars.
• 200718 March: the Suica IC card is introduced on the line.
• 200714 October: the former Ōsei Station is renamed Tetsudō-Hakubutsukan ('Railway Museum') Station as the Railway Museum opens beside it; station colours are also assigned.
• 201823 March: station numbering using the prefix 'NS' is introduced.